diff --git a/.obsidian/workspace.json b/.obsidian/workspace.json index 3072901..caefffe 100644 --- a/.obsidian/workspace.json +++ b/.obsidian/workspace.json @@ -440,9 +440,9 @@ }, "active": "416358f8ed25b163", "lastOpenFiles": [ - "2 Personal/Hobbies/Gelbes Velo von Mänu.md", - "Temporary/Thermodynamics.md", "Temporary/Airconditioning.md", + "Temporary/Thermodynamics.md", + "2 Personal/Hobbies/Gelbes Velo von Mänu.md", "Attachments/Pasted image 20241205105435.png", "99 Work/Learnings von Skill Check Cross Ing.md", "2 Personal/Lists/Want to Learn List.md", diff --git a/Temporary/Airconditioning.md b/Temporary/Airconditioning.md index 181a076..0b837b4 100644 --- a/Temporary/Airconditioning.md +++ b/Temporary/Airconditioning.md @@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ tags: --- # Airconditioning ## The Thermodynamic Refrigeration Cycle -The refrigeration cycle explains how thermodynamically the cooling (or heating) works. +The refrigeration cycle explains how [[Thermodynamics|thermodynamically]] the cooling (or heating) works. ![[Pasted image 20241205105435.png]] 1. In the compressor, a refrigerant gas is compressed and thus increases in pressure and therefore temperature. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Temporary/Thermodynamics.md b/Temporary/Thermodynamics.md index 25c5d52..7ac02fc 100644 --- a/Temporary/Thermodynamics.md +++ b/Temporary/Thermodynamics.md @@ -10,20 +10,75 @@ tags: - Different primary energy forms (chemical, nuclear, solar, kinetic) need to be converted into useful energy (mechanical, electrical). - Applications are engines, aircraft/rocket propulsions, wind turbines, fuel cells, steam and gas turbines, combustion, compressors, pumps - Thermodynamics provides us with tools for design, performance assessment, improvements and optimization. -- Thermal efficiency: +- Efficiencies: generally speaking is the desired output divided by the required input. - $$ \eta_{thermal} = \frac{Useful work/energy}{energy provided}$$ - - Combustion: gasoline ~35%, diesel ~42% - - fossil power production: ~35-48% - - solar thermal power production: ~18-22% + - Total efficiency is usually the multiplication of each individual stage + - $\eta_{total}=\eta_{compressor} \eta_{turbine} \eta_{generator}$ + - Examples + - Combustion: gasoline ~35%, diesel ~42% + - fossil power production: ~35-48% + - solar thermal power production: ~18-22% ### Laws of Thermodynamics - > [!important] 0th law: Equilibrium > If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in equilibrium with each other. -This law establishes the concept of temperature, which is a fundamental and measurable prop +This law establishes the concept of temperature, which is a fundamental and measurable property. This allows to measure and compare systems and states. +We have different kinds of equilibriums: mechanical (pressure), thermal (temperature), phase (mass of each phase doesn't change) and chemical (chemical composition does not change with time). > [!important] 1st law: Energy Conversation -> +> The change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system on its surroundings +> $$ \Delta U = Q - W$$ +Energy is conserved: it cannot be created nor destroyed. The two forms of energy are heat and work. + +> [!important] 2nd law: Entropy +> In any natural thermodynamic process, the total entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases. + +Every system evolves towards thermodynamic equilibrium, which has the greatest entropy amongst the states accessible to the system. +Entropy measures disorder and randomness. It implies that some energy is always dispersed as heat, increasing the overall entropy + + +> [!important] 3rd law: Absolute Zero +> As the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches a constant minimum. + +This implies that we typically assume 0 entropy at 0° Kelvin. + +### Thermodynamic System, State and Properties +A system consists of a boundary which separates the system from the surroundings. Energy transfer across the boundary can happen through work, heat or mass transfer. +- *Adiabatic*: a system without heat transfer +- *non-adiabatic*: a system with heat transfer +- *closed*: a system without mass transfer +- *open*: a system with mass transfer +- *isolated*: a system without any energy transfer + +The thermodynamic state is defined as the set of thermodynamic properties the characterise the state, independently of the form of the system and the process through which it was achieved. + +#### Properties +Properties can be *intensive* (also called *specific*, non-mass dependent, lower-case letter) or *extensive* (mass dependent, Upper-case letter). The molar state is a lower case with tilde ($\tilde u$) +- V, volume, [m3] +- p, pressure, [Pa] +- U, internal energy, [J] +- T, temperature, [K] +- H, enthalpy, [J] +- S, entropy, [J/K] +- F, Helmholtz free energy, [J] +- G, Gibbs free energy, [J] + +#### Processes +Processes are a change from one state to another. This is best visualized on a pV-graph as the line connecting two state points. +- Isothermal (T=const) +- Isobaric (b=const) +- Isochoric (v=const) +- Isentropic (s=const) +- Adiabatic ($\dot Q=0$) + +#### Cylces +A *cycle* is a series of processes that return the system to initial state. (On a pV-graph this returns to the original state and thus forms a loop.) +There are two classes of cycles: power cycles and refrigeration/heat pump cycles. +- *Power cycles* use temperature differences to create work and refrigeration cycles use work to create heat transfer ($Q_{in} > Q{out}$). + - Efficiency: $\eta_{th}=\frac{W_{cycle}}{Q_{in}} = 1-\frac{Q_{out}}{Q_{in}}$ +- *Refrigeration cycles*: With aid of work move heat from cold reservoir to a hot reservoir (against natural process) ($Q_{out} > Q_{in}$). + - Efficiency: $COP_{cooling}=\frac{Q_{in}}{W_{cycle}} = \frac{Q_{in}}{Q_{out}-Q_{in}}$ + - Efficiency: $COP_{heating}=\frac{Q_{out}}{W_{cycle}} = \frac{Q_{out}}{Q_{out}-Q_{in}} = COP_{cooling} + 1$